1. Financial Sanctions
Cutting access to SWIFT: The U.S. can pressure Belgium-based SWIFT to disconnect Indian banks.
Blocking transactions in USD: Since most global trade clears in dollars via New York, the U.S. Treasury can ban Indian entities from using the U.S. financial system.
Freezing assets: Indian companies or government funds held in U.S. banks could be frozen.
2. Trade Sanctions
Tariffs on Indian exports: Higher duties on textiles, steel, pharma, IT services.
Import bans: Blocking specific Indian goods (like Iran’s oil exports were blocked).
Removing preferential trade status: Like when India lost GSP (Generalized System of Preferences) benefits in 2019.
3. Technology & Investment Restrictions
Ban on U.S. tech exports: Limiting access to semiconductors, defense tech, aerospace, AI, software.
Investment bans: Restricting U.S. companies or funds from investing in India.
Secondary sanctions: Punishing other countries/companies that trade with sanctioned Indian firms.
4. Defense & Strategic Sanctions
CAATSA (Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act): Already threatened India over buying Russia’s S-400 missiles.
Restricting military sales (aircraft, drones, spare parts).
Blocking defense partnerships and intelligence-sharing.
5. Energy Sanctions
Forcing India to stop buying oil/gas from “enemy” states like Iran or Russia.
Sanctioning Indian refiners, shipping companies, or insurers dealing in restricted oil.
6. Visa & People Sanctions
Banning visas for Indian officials or business leaders.
Limiting student/work visas (like H-1B), which would hit India’s tech sector hard.
Travel bans on specific individuals/entities.
7. Human Rights / Democracy Grounds
Sanctions under Global Magnitsky Act (used to target officials accused of human rights violations).
Restrictions citing religious freedom, press freedom, or minority rights issues.
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